Opel Tigra

The Opel Tigra is a small coupe produced by Opel (a subsidiary of General Motors Corporation) based on its Corsa supermini. It was originally available as a small coupé, produced from 1994 to 2000, with a new roadster model introduced in 2004. The Opel Tigra is sold in the UK as the Vauxhall Tigra, in Australia as the Holden Tigra, and was sold in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico as the Chevrolet Tigra.

Manufacturer	GM Europe
Also called	Vauxhall Tigra Holden Tigra Chevrolet Tigra
Production	1994–2000 2004-present (TwinTop)
Class	sports car/coupe
Layout	FF layout

Tigra Mk I (1994-2000)

Tigra's different interior design

The Tigra was based on the concept car of the same name and built on the platform of the second generation Opel Corsa. However, it shared no body panels with the model it was based on, and the interior layout was different too, with a 2+2 seating arrangement. The production vehicle was introduced at the 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show, with production starting in early 1994.

The Tigra was available with two petrol engines options, both from the Ecotec family, a more affordable 1.4 L with 90 HP (66 kW), and a larger sportier version, powered by the 1.6 L engine with 106 HP (78 kW), sourced from the Corsa GSi. Both were DOHC 16 valve engines with electronic fuel injection. The smaller engine was available with an optional 4-speed automatic gearbox.

Added to the mass-market underpinnings was a suspension tweaked by Lotus. However, the car was overweight, with 150 kg (330 lb) over the equivalent engined Corsa models. Acceleration on the 1.6 L model was 10.5 seconds, one second slower than the Corsa GSi. However, a higher top speed of 203 km/h (126 mph) compensated for its acceleration troubles. This speed increase was obtained thanks to the higher gear ratios, a lower drag coefficient of 0.31, and standard 15" wheels on the more powerful model.

Brazilian Chevrolet Tigra depicting Chevrolet's emblem

The car was imported by Chevrolet and sold as the Chevrolet Tigra in Brazil and Mexico, and as the Vauxhall Tigra in the United Kingdom. The Brazilian Chevrolet Tigra was imported only for a few months, between late 1998 to early 1999, due to a sudden depreciation of the real, which forced General Motors do Brasil to end importation. Only the 1.6 L model was imported, detuned to 99 HP (73 kW) for tax purposes. The 15" wheels were also exchanged for more affordable 14" wheels.

Tigra Twin Top (2004-)

2004 Opel Tigra Twin Top

After an absence of a four years, Opel resurrected the Tigra nameplate in 2004 for a new sports car based on the Corsa C. The Tigra Twin Top, as it was called, is a 2-seater coupé convertible with a retractable hardtop in the fashion of the Peugeot 206 CC. The Tigra is produced by French coachbuilder Heuliez.

Like its predecessor, the Tigra Twin Top is available with two petrol-powered engines. The base model uses the 1.4 L engine with 90 HP (66 kW), but now from the Twinport family, different from the previous generation's 1.4, while the top of the range uses the Ecotec 1.8 L from the Corsa GSi, with 125 HP (92 kW). An economic version, using Fiat's Multijet 1.3 Diesel engine, was introduced in 2005.

The second generation is marketed in Australasia as the XC-series Holden Tigra, only with the 1.8 L engine.

Škoda Fabia

The Škoda Fabia is a supermini produced by Czech manufacturer Škoda Auto since 1999. It was the successor to the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001. The Fabia was available in hatchback, estate (named Fabia Combi) and saloon (named Fabia Sedan) body styles while from 2007 merging in the second generation — starting with hatchback and awaiting the new estate version. The saloon variant is not planned for the second generation

Manufacturer	Škoda Auto
Parent company	Volkswagen Group
Predecessor	Škoda Felicia
Class	Supermini
Layout	FF layout
Platform	Volkswagen Group A0 platform
Related	SEAT Ibiza SEAT Córdoba Volkswagen Polo Mk IV

"Fabia" redirects here. See also Fabius.

Škoda Fabia Mk1 (6Y) (1999-2007)

Škoda Fabia Mk1 (6Y)

Body style(s)	4-door saloon 5-door hatchback 5-door estate
Platform	Volkswagen Group A04 (PQ24)
Engine(s)	Petrol 1.0 MPI 37 kW (50 PS) 1.2 HTP 40 kW (54 PS) and 47 kW (64 PS) 1.4 MPI 44 kW (60 PS), 50 kW (68 PS), 55 kW (75 PS), 59 kW (80 PS) and 74 kW (101 PS) 2.0 MPI 85 kW (116 PS) Diesel 1.4 TDI PD 51 kW (69 PS), 55 kW (75 PS) and 59 kW (80 PS) 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 PS) 1.9 TDI PD 74 kW (101 PS)) 1.9 TDI PD 96 kW (131 PS) - vRS only
Wheelbase	2460 mm (96.9 in)
Length	Hatchback: 3960 mm (155.9 in) Saloon/estate: 4220 mm (166.1 in)
Width	1650 mm (65 in)
Height	1450 mm (57.1 in)

The first generation Fabia (given the internal type code 6Y) was officially presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999 and production of this model started in October the same year. The estate version Fabia Combi was introduced in September 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. It was the first model to use the Volkswagen Group's A04 platform, which it shares with the Volkswagen Polo Mk IV and SEAT Ibiza.

The range starts with the 1.2 6v Classic (which is cheaper than Volkswagen's smaller 3-door 1.0 Lupo) to the 1.9 PD TDi vRS.

Part of the Fabia's success is the fact that all of its mechanical parts are developed by or in conjunction with Volkswagen, but are offered in a package that is priced to undercut other models in the Volkswagen Group. The only trace of non-VW Škoda left in the Fabia is the 1.4 8v "MPI" Engine, which was a modification to Škoda's own 1.3 engine, and was used in pre-Volkswagen Škodas such as the Estelle and Favorit.

In 2005 the Fabia received a facelift, with changed front fog lights and grille, slightly different rear lights, new steering wheel and revised specification levels. The vRS also had its final gearbox ratio changed. Most importantly the Sport model was added, with the 75 PS (55 kW) 1.4 petrol being offered with a manual transmission. This engine was quickly dropped for the 1.2 HTP, which was not as powerful but is a much more free revving engine giving a more sporty feel, the sport also had its specification changed to include red seat belts and sunset privacy glass from the B pillar to the rear.

Again in 2006 the Fabia range shown at the Geneva Motor Show had minor specification revisions. These include a center rear head rest, a central three-point seatbelt and an additional four bodywork colours. The 1.4 16v 75 PS (55 kW) petrol engine was replaced with a more powerful 1.4 16v 80 PS (59 kW) engine.

Engines

The term MPI (Multi-Point Injection) is used by Škoda to differentiate from 16v models and (in the case of the Octavia) FSI engines. The 75 PS (55 kW) version of the 1.4 16v was only mated to Volkswagen's four-speed automatic transmission with fuzzy logic operation until the addition of earlier Sport models which mated it with a manual transmission. The 1.4 8v was dropped in 2003 as it will fail to meet future emissions requirements. Its performance is heavily hampered by its old OHV (Pushrod) design. The Fabia's overall performance and fuel consumption figures fall behind other city cars and small family cars as it is larger and heavier. However, the 1.2 HTP (High Torque Performance) Engine was developed specifically for the Fabia and offers better performance and fuel economy, but later used in

Škoda Fabia Mk2 (5J) (2007-present)

Škoda Fabia Mk2 (5J)

Body style(s)	5-door hatchback 5-door estate
Platform	Volkswagen Group PQ24
Engine(s)	Petrol 1.2 HTP (44 and 51 kW) 1.4 16v (63 kW) 1.6 16v (77 kW) Diesel 1.4 TDI (51 and 59 kW) 1.9 TDI (77 kW)
Wheelbase	2460 mm (96.9 in)
Length	3990 mm (157.1 in)
Width	1640 mm (64.6 in)
Height	1500 mm (59.1 in)

The second generation Fabia (internal type code 5J) was officially presented at the Geneva Auto Show in March 2007 and was sold from April 2007. Based on the PQ24 platform like the first generation, it is slightly larger than its predecessor and takes styling cues from the new Roomster leisure activity vehicle.

Škoda UK has created a television advertisement featuring the making of a Škoda Fabia car out of cake while swapped rivets for raisins, metal for marzipan and spark plugs for sugar.

Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive introduces the new Fabia to the public at the 2008 Guangzhou Motor Show. And it will be sold as 2009 model year in China.

The estate variant was officially announced in August 2007 and was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007. Compared with the first generation the new Combi is 7 mm longer, 46 mm higher higher and the boot has grown by 54 litres (to 480 litres total). The engine portfolio is the same as the hatchback version, without the 1.2 44 kW one.

Engines

The petrol engine lineup is a mixture of newer engines from the Volkswagen Group and some carry overs from the outgoing model. The base 1.2 remains the same (44 kW) while the higher powered version has its power output upped to 70 PS (51 kW). There is only a single 1.4 litre 16v petrol on this model, producing 85 PS (63 kW). The range topping petrol engine is the 1.6 16v engine producing 105 PS (77 kW) . There is also an option to link this engine to a 6 speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.

Diesel engines consist of the same 70 PS (51 kW) and 80 PS (59 kW) 1.4 TDI units from before. The range topping diesel is a 1.9 TDI producing 105 PS (77 kW).

It is rumoured that eventually a 1.4 TSI running at 125 PS (92 kW) will become the range topping petrol for the planned estate version and that the next generation vRS will also receive the 1.4 TSI to the tune of 170 PS (125 kW). The release date for the New Fabia vRS has been cited as 2010 by some Škoda UK dealers. Although specs at this date are unknown, it is hoped that the new engine will be a 1.8FSI Petrol producing circa 160bhp.

Volkswagen's own Polo due to its high acclaim.

Daewoo Matiz

The Daewoo Matiz is a city car produced by the South Korean automaker GM Daewoo that has been marketed worldwide since 1998. Available solely as a five-door hatchback with two engine configurations, and replacing the Daewoo Tico, the Matiz was originally designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and has been facelifted twice.

Notably, the Matiz was at the center of a 2006 international intellectual property rights controversy, its design allegedly copied outright by Chinese manufacturer Chery's QQ.

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Daewoo Matiz / Chevrolet Spark

Manufacturer	GM Daewoo FSO
Also called	Chevrolet Matiz Chevrolet Spark Chevrolet Joy Pontiac Matiz G2 Pontiac Matiz Pontiac G2 Chevrolet Exclusive FSO Matiz Chevrolet Taxi 7:24 Chronos UZ Daewoo Matiz
Production	1998-present
Predecessor	Daewoo Tico
Class	City car
Body style(s)	3 and 5-door hatchback
Engine(s)	0.8 three-cylinder petrol 50 bhp (UK), 1.0 four-cylinder petrol 64 bhp (UK)
Curb weight	847 kg (1867 lb)
Designer	Italdesign Giugiaro Design Conception The Daewoo Matiz started production in 1998 and sold in South Korea and many European markets with the code name M100. The exterior design is based on the Lucciola, a Fiat Cinquecento concept by Italdesign Giugiaro which had been rejected by Fiat. The 0.8-litre gasoline engine and the transmission were carryovers from the Daewoo Tico. The car became the best selling Daewoo model in Europe for the next four years. Body styles The Matiz is available in one body style: a five-door hatchback. Engine configurations The Matiz was originally launched with just a 0.8 L 3-cylinder engine, however with the 2001 model-year revisions a 1.0 L 4-cylinder was added to the upper models of the range. In 2008 the 0.8 L was revised to fall below the 120g/km level, thus qualifying for the UK's £35 road tax band and no London Congestion Charge. Facelifts Chevrolet Matiz in Belgium Centrally mounted dashboard console in the new Chevrolet Spark as sold in India A facelifted model (codenamed M150) was introduced in South Korea in late 2000, and exported from 2001. Following Daewoo's takeover by General Motors in 2002, the engine range was updated with a 1.0-litre S-Tec unit. In 2005 the Matiz received a facelift (M200), based on the Chevrolet M3X concept car shown at 2004 Paris Motor Show. The S-Tec engines were updated and the car's drag coefficient was lowered, resulting in better fuel economy. One notable feature of this car is its centre-mounted instrument cluster. The aging Alto platform will be replaced with a new city car platform developed by GM Daewoo engineers and based on GM Gamma platform. Safety The 2005 Chevrolet Matiz scored three stars (with one strike through) in the EuroNCAP crash test: "The final adult occupant protection star is struck through because there was an unacceptably high risk of life-threatening injury to the chest in side impact." test: "Overall this is a creditable performance from a car without a side airbag." By contrast, the pre-2005 Daewoo Matiz was awarded 72% in the side impact Euro NCAP In Europe, the Matiz is equipped with front seatbelt pretensioners, front seatbelt load limiters, driver and passenger frontal airbags and ISOFIX rear anchorages.

Fiat Punto

The Fiat Punto is a supermini produced by the Italian manufacturer, Fiat, since 1993. It is currently in its third generation.

Manufacturer	Fiat
Production	1993–present
Predecessor	Fiat Uno
Class	Supermini
Body style(s)	3/5-door hatchback 3-door convertible (1994–99) 3-door van
Related	Fiat Barchetta Fiat Idea Fiat Panda

For the latest car under the Punto brand, see Fiat Grande Punto.

Mark 1 (1993-1999)

Mark 1

Production	1993–1999
Predecessor	Fiat Uno
Body style(s)	3/5-door hatchback 3-door convertible 3-door van
Engine(s)	1.1 L I4 1.2 L I4 1.4 L I4 turbo 1.6 L I4 1.7 L I4 diesel
Transmission(s)	5-speed manual 6-speed semi-auto
Wheelbase	2450 mm (96.5 in)
Length	3760 mm (148 in)
Width	1625 mm (64 in)
Height	1450 mm (57.1 in)
Curb weight	830–1040 kg (1829–2292 lb) 1070 kg (2358 lb) cabrio
Fuel capacity	47 L (10.3 Imp. gallons) (12.4 U.S. gal)
Designer	Giorgetto Giugiaro

Internally codenamed Project 176, the Punto was announced in September 1993 and launched in early 1994 as a replacement for the aging Fiat Uno. The Fiat Punto was voted European Car of the Year for 1995. The Punto's distinctive clean-cut styling by Giorgetto Giugiaro was an instant hit (though one of the car's most recognisable features, the vertical tail/rear lights, were not part of Giugiaro's original design and were in fact added later in-house at Fiat's factory). Competitive pricing which undercut rivals such as the Opel/Vauxhall Corsa and Volkswagen Polo also helped the Punto become an instant success in the European marketplace.

Entry level

Entry-level in the Punto range were the 1.1 and 1.2 L petrol engines and the 1.7 diesel engine. The 1.2 engine's actual capacity is 1.242 liters, available in 3 versions. The first, was fitted in the Punto ELX 75 and produced 75 hp at 6000 rpm while the second, fitted to Punto ELX 85 produced 86 hp at 6000 rpm. The third was a 60hp engine which eventually replaced the 1.1 54hp engine.

Sporting versions

A 1.6 Sporting was also available producing 88 bhp (replaced in 1997 by the more economic 16 valve 1.2 unit), but the best performing version was the 136 PS (134 hp/100 kW) 1.4 GT using an evolution of the turbocharged 128 SOHC engine originally found in the Fiat Uno Turbo Mk II- capable of running over 200 km/h (124 mph) and reaching 100 km/h (62 mph) in just 7.9 seconds. This car was also fitted with a 5-speed manual gearbox, with different gear ratios than the ELX series. During the years the GT was made in three different "series" with power 136 PS (134 hp/100 kW) (1993-1995),133 PS (131 hp/98 kW) (1995-1997) and 130 PS (128 hp/96 kW) (1997-1999).

Convertible

A cabriolet (convertible) version was also available; built by Bertone (rather than at the main Fiat factory) it featured an electric powered fully-retracting roof and was one of the cheapest open-top cars in the world at the time.

Other versions

Particular versions of the Mark I Punto were the Punto 6Speed, a 1.1 FIRE Punto 55 with a 6-speed gearbox, the Punto Selecta with an automatic gearbox, and the Punto ED (Economical Drive), a 1.1 Punto whose 5-speed geabox was designed for high fuel efficiency.

Mark 2 (1999-2003)

Mark 2

Production	1999–2003
Body style(s)	3/5-door hatchback
Engine(s)	1.2 L 8v I4 1.2 L 16v I4 1.8 L 16v I4 1.9 L I4 diesel
Transmission(s)	5-speed manual 6-speed manual (Sporting) 6 or 7-speed CVT/semi-auto (Speedgear)
Wheelbase	2460 mm (96.9 in)
Length	3800 mm (149.6 in)
Width	1660 mm (65.4 in)
Height	1480 mm (58.3 in)
Curb weight	860–1050 kg (1895–2314 lb)
Fuel capacity	47 L (10.3 Imp. gallons) (12.4 U.S. gal)

The second generation Nuova (New) Punto, codenamed Project 188, was launched in 1999. The styling was all-new while retaining the original Punto's distinctive shape and design, while the chassis and interior were completely overhauled. The new Punto also became the first Fiat in decades to carry the original round Fiat badge, to celebrate Fiat's centenary.

Entry level

The 1.1 and 1.4 turbo engines were discontinued due to emissions issues, and the entry-level models had only a 1.2 petrol unit (with either 8 or 16 valves, giving 60 and 80 hp respectively) or a 1.9 diesel (with or without common-rail injection...

Sporting versions

Two sporty versions were offered. The 1.2 16 valve Sporting model with a 6-speed manual, and the hot 1.8 HGT which could reach almost 130 mph. The 1.2 16V model also has a CVT-equipped variant (with a sequential manual shift mode consisting of 6 gears, 7 for the Sporting model). The 1.8 HGT accelerates 0-60 in 8.2 seconds. While slower than its turbocharged 1.4 predecessor in a straight line, it was considered a big improvement in handling over the Mark 1 GT.

Power steering

The Mark two Fiat Punto has also adopted Dualdrive electric power steering and comes with two operation modes, using an electric motor, rather than a hydraulic pump driven by the engine. This results in reduced fuel consumption and less environmental impact. It has a fuel economy of 31.7 mpg_-imp (8.91 L/100 km, 26.4 mpg_-US) - urban and 58.4 mpg_-imp (4.84 L/100 km, 48.6 mpg_-US) - extra urban for the 1.7 diesel. The 1.8 petrol does 31.7 mpg_-imp (8.91 L/100 km, 26.4 mpg_-US) - urban and 48.7 mpg_-imp (5.80 L/100 km, 40.6 mpg_-US) - extra urban.

Punto Mk2 specifications

Capacity	1242–1910 cc
Power	60 PS (59 hp/44 kW)-130 PS (128 hp/96 kW)
Max. speed	155 km/h (96 mph)-205 km/h (127 mph)
Acceleration	0–100 km/h: 15.0–8.2 seconds

Mark 2 (Facelift) 2003-present

Mark 2 (Facelift)

Production	2003-present
Body style(s)	3/5-door hatchback 3-door van
Engine(s)	1.2 L I4 1.4 L 16v I4 1.3 L I4 diesel 1.8 L 16v I4 1.9 L I4 diesel
Transmission(s)	5-speed manual 6-speed semi-Auto 5-speed seq. manual (Dualogic)
Wheelbase	2460 mm (96.9 in)
Length	3800 mm (149.6 in)
Width	1660 mm (65.4 in)
Height	1480 mm (58.3 in)
Curb weight	860–1050 kg (1895–2314 lb)
Fuel capacity	47 L (10.3 Imp. gallons) (12.4 U.S. gal)
Related	Zastava 10

In early 2003, Fiat celebrated the rollout of the 5,000,000th production Punto. In the same year, the Mark 2 Facelift brought further revisions to the platform, including extensive changes to the exterior styling and engines.

The round Fiat badge, found only on the bonnet of Mark 2 models, was introduced on the tailgate of the Mark 2 Facelift. On June 1, 2005, Fiat produced the 6,000,000th Punto at the Melfi plant. This Punto is currently the fourth-best selling supermini in Europe.

Engines

Engine changes included the dropping of the 1.2 L Sporting in favour of a new 1.4 16v engine, and the introduction of two HGT versions, 1.9 L Multijet diesel , and 1.8 L 16v petrol engine which could reach almost 130 mph (210 km/h) continued over from the Mark 2. There was an introduction also of the 1.3 L common rail diesel MultiJet engine.

Punto Classic

Despite the launch of the slightly larger Grande Punto in 2005, the 1999 Punto is still in production, and was launched for the first time in Chile in 2007, as Punto Classic. It is to be replaced by a new B segment model.

Mark 3 'Grande Punto' (2005-present)

Main article: Fiat Grande Punto

Fiat Grande Punto Front

Fiat Grande Punto Rear

The third Fiat car to be called Punto, codenamed Project 199 and marketed as Grande Punto, it was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show and went on sale later on that year. Again styled by Giugiaro,^[2] the car is based on the Fiat/GM SCCS platform.

Punto Van

The Punto Van is a compact van that is used in a commercial environment. It is built also with a diesel 1.3 Multijet 16 valve engine with 70 bhp (52 kW, 71 PS), ensuring low emissions. It has 1,000 litres (35 cu ft) capacity with a metal partition to give the Punto a commercial model.

Punto in motorsport

Fiat Grande Punto Abarth

The Punto has always been popular with amateur racing drivers due to its low cost and the wide availability of spare parts. Several competition and homologated versions of the Punto have been produced, such as the Punto Rally, the S1600 and the Punto Abarth. A new rally car based on the third generation Punto, the Super 2000 Punto Abarth, was unveiled in 2005. It is four-wheel drive and powered by a 2.0 L 16 valve engine capable of producing 280 hp.

Punto has competed in the following motorsport events;

• Targa Tasmania, Showroom class, (2007) the first diesel car to compete.

Punto won several rally championships, especially:

• Italian rally championship (2003 and 2006)
• European rally championship (2006)
• International rally challenge (2006)

A motorsport version of the car can be found in several liveries in the video games Colin McRae Rally 04, Colin McRae: DiRT and Sega Rally Revo.

Zastava Koral

The Zastava Koral (known simply as the Yugo) is a subcompact vehicle built by Zastava corporation. The first Yugo 45 was handmade on 2 October, 1978.

The car design is based on the mechanics of the Fiat 128, under license from Fiat, with a modified body style. The Yugo entered the United States by means of Malcolm Bricklin, who wanted to introduce a simple, low cost car to that market. In total 141,511 cars were sold in the US from 1985 to 1991, with the most American units sold in a year peaking at 48,500 in 1987. 1991 sales were only 3,981 cars. The Zastava Koral was sold with an updated design, priced at about 350,000 dinar (3,500 euro, 4,300 USD), until 11 November 2008, when production stopped with a final number of 794,428 cars.

Manufacturer	Zastava Automobili
Assembly	Serbia
Class	Subcompact
Body style(s)	3-door hatchback 2-door convertible
Platform	Fiat 128 with different parts from Fiat(mainly Fiat 128)
Engine(s)	45 - 45 hp (34 kW) 0.9l (903 cc), 55 - 55 hp (41 kW) 1.1l (1116 cc), 60 - 60 hp (45 kW) 1.1l (1116 cc), 65 - 65 hp (48 kW) 1.3l (1301 cc),
Transmission(s)	45 4-speed ; 55, 60, 65 5-speed
Wheelbase	2150 mm (84.6 in)
Length	3485 mm (137.2 in)
Width	1548 mm (60.9 in)
Height	1390 mm (54.7 in)
Curb weight	825 kg (1819 lb) to 920 kg (2028 lb)
Related	Fiat 128 Fiat 127 Model names covered "Go New, Go Yugo" UK Promotional Leaflet In the lifetime of the model range the car has gone under a variety of different names: Yugo 45 / Zastava Jugo 45 (Yugoslavia / United Kingdom / Europe) Yugo 55 (Yugoslavia / United Kingdom / Europe) Yugo 60efi (German version / United Kingdom / Europe,Latin America) Yugo 65 / 65efi (German version / United Kingdom / Europe,Latin America) Yugo GV (United States) Yugo GV Plus (United States) Yugo GVC (United States) Yugo GVL (United States) Yugo GVS (United States) Yugo GVX (United States) Yugo Cabrio (United States, Germany, Yugoslavia, Greece) Zastava Koral (Serbia / Europe) Zastava Koral (Serbia / Europe) Zastava Koral IN (Serbia / Europe) Zastava Koral IN L (Serbia / Europe) Yugo Cabrio (Yugoslavia / Europe) Yugo Ciao (Yugoslavia / Europe) Yugo Tempo (Yugoslavia / Europe) Yugo Tempo - circa 1991 Innocenti Koral (Italy) Innocenti Koral Cabrio (Italy) History Zastava was founded as an arms manufacturer in 1853. By the late 1930s the company had expanded into automobile production supplying Ford designed trucks to the Yugoslav Army. Vehicle production continued until 1941 when World War II reached Yugoslavia. Following the war Zastava was permitted to produce Jeeps under license from Willys-Overland until production was halted in the early 1950s. The first passenger models were produced on August 26, 1953 using designs licensed by Fiat of Turin. The first model designed by Zastava was a sedan called the Milletrecento ("one thousand three hundred") powered by a 1300 cc engine. Some of the most successful models were those based on the Fiat 128 model, marketed under different names: Zastava 128, Zastava 311, Zastava Skala, etc. 1992 Yugo Cabrio 1.3 EFI Zastava continued to produce vehicles for the Yugoslav and European markets until exports were limited by sanctions imposed by the United Nations in the 1990s. In 1984, automobile entrepreneur Malcolm Bricklin tested the U.S. market for Zastava vehicles, now branded as Yugo. As a result, in the summer of 1986, Yugo America began selling cars at a starting price of $3,990 for the entry-level GV ("Great Value") hatchback equipped with the 1100 cubic centimeter overhead-cam five-main-bearing engine and four-speed manual transmission. The similar GVL offered a plusher interior, but the sporty top-line GVX was powered by the beefier 1300 cc engine mated to a five-speed manual transmission, and included as standard equipment a number of deluxe features such as a ground-effects package, alloy wheels and rally lights. By the late 1980s, US distributor Yugo America was in financial trouble, and American distribution was taken over by Zastava itself. The Yugo Cabrio convertible was introduced with many GVX features as standard equipment. In the early 1990s the 1100cc engine was dropped as the 1300cc engine became the standard, and an automatic transmission was offered. However, when the political instability in Yugoslavia intensified in early 1992, Zastava was forced to stop exports to the United States. Today there are various models available in the former Yugoslavia, including an agreement signed with Fiat for the production of the 2003 Fiat Punto model. [edit] U.S. history Poster/Bilbord for Yugo on US market In 1982 US Enterpreneur Miro Kefurt contacted Zastava in Kragujevac (ZCZ) with an idea to export the Yugo 45 to the United States. The 850 ccm 4-cylinder engine was just under 50 cubic inches displacement, and was exempt from California Emission Inspections (all engines under 50 CID were exempt). The vehicles were renamed Yugo GV for the US market and YugoCars, Inc. was formed in Sun Valley, California by Kefurt and Ray Burns. The proposal had to be approved by FIAT in Italy due to existing restrictions that were in effect in FIAT - ZASTAVA collaboration agreements. The first three Yugo vehicles (Red, White & Blue) were introduced to the American public at the Los Angeles AUTO EXPO in May 1984 held at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Incredible publicity resulted as the car was promoted with a 10 year /100,000 mile warranty, free maintenance and a price of only $4,500 - front page articles about the Yugo appeared in the Los Angeles Times (Business Section), New York Times, and The National Enquirer. The sexy teenage "Yugo-Girls" clad in white T-shirts with a big "Yugo" at the breast line and ultra short bright red miniskirts and 4" high-heel shoes that matched the car colors were reportedly[by whom?] the reason for the attention that was received by the Yugo at the AUTO EXPO auto show. Reportedly Malcolm Bricklin attended the Los Angeles Auto Expo Show and while the show was still in progress flew to Yugoslavia to "seal the deal" to import the Yugo to the United States himself. YugoCars, Inc. however already held the exclusive import contract for 5,000 vehicles for the 1985 model year to be sold in California only and the California Certification was already in progress. In November 1984 the marketing rights were sold by YugoCars, Inc to IAI for $50,000 ($10 per car). Additionally Miro Kefurt obtained exclusive dealer franchse from IAI to sell BERTONE X1/9 in North Hollywood, California. Both companies YugoCars and IAI were quite satisfied with this arrangement. The YugoCars,Inc YUGO 45 was 850 ccm (45 Hp) with ZEUNA catalytic converter and Lambda feed back and delivered 42 to 45 MPG at 70 mph (top speed) (the emission system was identical to the one used on FIAT/BERTONE X1/9 since 1980 model year), but IAI Tony Ciminera preferred 1,100 ccm engine (55 Hp) with outdated carburetor, air-injection and fuel economy in 30 MPG range, however the car was capable of 110 mph on level road. International Automobile Importers (IAI) was the company founded by Malcolm Bricklin to import the X1/9 and 2000 Spyder after Fiat halted their manufacture. Bertone and Pininfarina carried on production under their own names and Bricklin's IAI took over their American importation. Bricklin wanted to import additional brands, and international dealmaker Armand Hammer had been asked by the Yugoslavs to identify business areas in which they could generate exports to bolster their economy. Hammer thought the idea of exporting the small cars made in Kragujevac, Serbia, by Zavodi Crvena Zastava would be viable. Zastava had, since the mid-19th century, been a quality armaments producer and sponsored its own museum. As Zastava celebrated its 100th anniversary, it started producing vehicles made under license from Fiat, just across the Adriatic Sea. For three decades it produced the rear-engined 600 and the 101, a bustle-backed version of Fiat's evergreen 128. On its own initiative in 1980, Zastava introduced its Jugo or Yugo model which, though still using Fiat-type power train and underpinnings, was an update of the Fiat 127. Styled in Turin, the two-door hatchback's lines were reminiscent of the original VW Golf or VW Rabbit. Zastava was already exporting its new offering to other East European markets, installing the bigger 128 overhead-cam engine for a top speed of 90 mph (145 km/h). Setting up Yugo America to import the car, Bricklin assigned Bill Prior to sort out the distribution and Tony "Hurricane" Ciminera to fine-tune the Yugo for US markets. Ciminera carried out a bumper-to-bumper audit that resulted in more than 500 changes to meet the needs of the American market, including the safety and emissions improvements that US laws demanded. The vast Yugo facility was patterned after the Fiat factories of the early 1950s and employed 50,000, divided among 85 basic associated labor organizations and 25 work committees. For American production models, a separate assembly line was built with handpicked elite staff earning extra pay ($1.23 per hour extra), building Yugos destined for the New World. The first shift began at 6:00 in the morning and after an eight-hour day many employees left for their second jobs in other workplaces. The chief engineer and head of Zastava's Research and Development Institute was Zdravko Menjak, who responded to the many changes needed to qualify the car for sale in the West. Bricklin had his own people at the plant to monitor the effort, constantly stressing the need for high quality. A team of British quality experts sent a cadre to Kragujevac to study the factory and recommend improvements. Toward the later 1980s an ingenious Yugo cabriolet was being tooled up for production, an automatic transmission was being sourced from Renault, and the larger car (the Florida) had been styled by Giorgio Giugiaro and was in the early manufacturing stages. With communism's collapse, however, Yugoslavia began to unravel. After embargoes stifled production, the coup de grâce was NATO's bombing of the Automotive Division instead of Arms production (Zastava is also a producer of military equipment). Only in 2000 could production be restarted and not until 2003 was the Florida launched. Introduced in the summer of 1986 at a price of less than $4000, the Yugo was by far the lowest-priced new car available in the USA at the time, and it sold very well at first. But by the early 1990s, the effects of United Nations sanctions on Yugoslavia forced Zastava to withdraw the car from the US market. In the United States, the Yugo soon developed a negative reputation; defenders of the brand countered by arguing that major auto producers were collaborating with influential automotive media in efforts to eliminate competition. At first, five models of Yugo were sold in the United States: the basic entry-level $3,990 GV (for "Great Value"), GVC with Glass Sunroof, the nearly-identical GVL and GVS with minor trim and upholstery upgrades, and the race-inspired GVX with the 1300 cc engine, five-speed manual transmission and standard equipment including a plush interior, ground-effects package, alloy wheels and rally lights. The Cabrio convertible was introduced in 1988. By 1990, the GV, GVL and the 1100 cc engine and four-speed manual transmission were replaced by a 1300 cc OHC engine and five-speed manual transmission, and an optional Renault-designed three-speed automatic transmission, and also an optional Air Conditioner on 1990 Yugo GVX model was offered too. The standard model became the GV Plus. In 1990, Yugo America introduced an EFI version of the YUGO GVX, but it was too late as the prospect of a recall by the United States Environmental Protection Agency of over 126,000 vehicles sold in the USA, due to failure to meet exhaust emissions, effectively caused Yugo America to close its doors for good in 1992. The complex emission system, which was cheaper than EFI, used a carburetor, a two way Catalyst that required an Air Pump and EGR; it was one of the major problems that caused the vehicles to get a reputation for poor drivability and the inability to meet emission standards. Wide technical familiarity with the Fiat 128's prowess as an autocross racer meant that many a Yugo GV was modified with Abarth racing parts and sent to participate in SCCA-sanctioned events, notably in the organization's "Solo II" category.[citation needed] Malcolm Bricklin signed a deal with Zastava in 2002 to bring the Yugo back to American shores with a model tentatively called the ZMW. Under Bricklin's direction, 'Zastava Motor Works USA' expected to sell 60,000 cars in 2003However, Bricklin instead turned to marketing the Chery line of Chinese cars.Bricklin's foray into importing and marketing Chery cars from China folded in mid-to-late 2006 when Bricklin could not come up with the investment required to fund US-specification vehicles from Chery. As of early 2008, Bricklin is working with several universities to develop a car powered by advanced lithium-ion batteries. Marketing The Yugo was rigorously marketed in the late 1980s as a car that would fit into everybody's life, providing basic economical and reliable transportation along the lines of the Volkswagen Beetle and the earlier Ford Model T. The car was promoted as a uniquely affordable new vehicle - providing an option for buyers who would otherwise have chosen a used vehicle - and as a reliable second car for wealthier buyers. The Yugo carried the tagline "Everybody Needs A Yugo Sometime." This marketing appealed successfully to its target market of low-budget new car buyers, as well as wealthier people looking for an affordable second or third car. A popular ad included the 39-90 campaign, a play on the $3,990 price of the car.

SEAT Ibiza

The SEAT Ibiza is a supermini manufactured by the Volkswagen Group and sold under the SEAT marque. The Ibiza spans four generations and is still in production. It has been available in either three- or five-door hatchback variants; since 1993, saloon, coupé and estate versions are sold as the SEAT Córdoba.

First generation (1985-1993)

SEAT Ibiza - first generation

Production	1984–1993
Body style(s)	3 and 5-door hatchback
Platform	Volkswagen Group A02
Engine(s)	0.9L I4 1.2L I4 1.5L I4 1.7L I4 1.7L I4 Diesel
Related	SEAT Ronda SEAT Málaga Fiat Ritmo Nanjing Yuejin Soyat
Designer	Giorgetto Giugiaro

The Ibiza Mk1 (codenamed 021A) was based on the SEAT Ronda, in turn derived from the Fiat Ritmo, with a powertrain which had been developed in collaboration with Porsche. This was the first SEAT which did not share any external body panels with any Fiat model, having been designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. This version, while it established the now classic Ibiza shape, was advertised as having "Italian styling and German engines".

It was known for having a rather quirky interior instrument layout, marked by a lack of control stalks. The indicators were operated by a rocker-switch and the headlights by a sliding switch.

In terms of size, it was larger than most superminis like the Ford Fiesta and Fiat Uno, but smaller than any small family car such as the Ford Escort and Volkswagen Golf. Styling was fairly imaginative and interior space was good, but the Ibiza was let down by suspect build quality, heavy steering and doubtful reliability.

SEAT also produced a saloon model based on the same platform, the SEAT Málaga.

In the UK, sales couldn't hope to compete with Ford, Vauxhall and Rover (or even imported brands like Volkswagen and Fiat), but the car sold well among buyers who were more interested in budget buys from the likes of Hyundai and Škoda. The Ibiza's moderate sales success gave the marque a decent platform to build on as it looked to increase sales throughout the 1990s.

In 1999 the design was bought by Chinese automaker Nanjing and was redeveloped into the Nanjing Yuejin Soyat.

Second generation (1993-1999)

SEAT Ibiza - second generation

Production	1993–1999 (MK2) 1999-2002 (Facelift)
Body style(s)	3 and 5-door hatchback 5-door estate
Platform	Volkswagen Group A03
Engine(s)	1.0L I4 1.3L I4 1.4L I4 + 16V 1.6L I4 1.8L I4 + 16V 1.8L I4 Turbocharged 2.0L I4 + 16V 1.9L I4 Diesel 1.9L I4 SDI 1.9L I4 Turbodiesel 1.9L I4 TDI
Related	SEAT Córdoba SEAT Inca Volkswagen Polo Mk3 Volkswagen Caddy
Designer	Giorgetto Giugiaro

This model (internal type number 6K) was based on VW's A03 platform also used by the Typ 6N Polo (Mk3). Available in three and five-door models, the saloon variant was known as the Córdoba and the estate was known as the Córdoba Vario.

Second generation (facelift) (1999-2002)

The Ibiza Mk2 facelift (typ number 6K2 or 6K GP01; sometimes referred to in the UK as the "Mk3") was the second Ibiza to be produced under Volkswagen Group management and used the underpinnings of the revised Polo Mk3 (actually, the underpinnings of the Volkswagen Golf Mk3). It suffered a little from brand identity issues on release. Originally seen as a cheap VW, the launch of the Cupra models and rallying success gave it a much stronger sporty image, which aligned with Volkswagen Group's acquisition of Škoda Auto as a budget brand.

The Ibiza's 1.0, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8-litre petrol and 1.9-litre TDI and SDI Diesel engines were the same as the Polo's. The Ibiza's running gear was also used in the SEAT Córdoba saloon, estate and coupé.

Under Volkswagen's ownership, Seat was marketed as a sporty and youthful brand whose cars were sold at competitive prices. The original Ibiza's problems with bad build quality and unreliability were rectified, as the Ibiza proved itself to be one of the best built and most reliable small cars in Europe.

The Ibiza was also produced in South Africa as the Volkswagen Polo Playa and also in Argentina.

It also introduced a powerful hot hatch dubbed Cupra and equipped with a turbocharged 1.8-litre engine, followed by the 1.8-litre turbocharged Cupra R which was available in very limited numbers only (75 in the UK). The main difference between the two was suspension, Brembo 4 pot brakes and a power upgrade from 156bhp to 180bhp on the Cupra R model.

By the time production of the second generation Ibiza/Córdoba ceased during 2002, the range had established itself as one of the most popular superminis in Europe of the past decade.

Third generation (2002-2008)

SEAT Ibiza - third generation

Production	2002–2008
Body style(s)	3 and 5-door hatchback
Platform	Volkswagen Group A04 (PQ24)
Engine(s)	1.2L I3 1.4L I4 1.6L I4 1.8L I4 Turbocharged 2.0L I4 1.4L I3 TDI 1.9L I4 SDI 1.9L I4 TDI
Related	SEAT Córdoba Škoda Fabia Volkswagen Polo Mk IV Volkswagen Fox

The Ibiza Mk3 (codenamed Typ 6L, and sometimes referred to in the United Kingdom as the Mk4) is the third model to be produced under Volkswagen Group management and is a much more focused car. Built on the same PQ24 platform as the Typ 9N Polo, it is intended to have a sporty, performance image, and was styled by the Italian designer Walter de'Silva. The model line up includes two hot hatch variants, the Ibiza FR and Cupra. These compensate for the lack of Polo hot hatch variants (the Polo GTI wasn't launched until 2006).

The more aggressive styling has boosted this model ahead of the family-friendly styling of the Polo. It is also the largest Ibiza to date, with room for five adults, and a spacious, if rather short, boot. The standard trim level on this model is noticeably higher than previous models.

This is regarded by some magazines to be the best supermini, with What Car? magazine calling it their best supermini for three years in a row.

The 2006 model made slight aesthetic changes to both the interior and exterior, but keeping it very similar to the 2002 original model. It also introduced engines with increased power (1.2 12V and 1.4 16V) and a new 1.4 litre TDI diesel version. The Sport used the revised 1.9 litre PD TDI diesel engine with 105bhp (previously 130). The FR and Cupra TDI versions use a 1.9 litre Pumpe-Düse Diesel engine with respectively 130 and 160 bhp (the latter is a development of the 150bhp unit used in the Golf GTI and Leon FR, modified by Seat Sport to improve breathing, giving one of the highest specific power outputs for a two-valve diesel under two litres).

SEAT launched a new advertising campaign to follow the new model with the slogan "The rituals are different, the spirit is the same". It depicts four individuals each on a different colored SEAT Ibiza, performing different activities inside their car before actually starting it. The campaign sends a message that all people are different, but inside we all have a "sporty spirit".

Fourth generation (2008-)

SEAT Ibiza - fourth generation

Production	2008-present
Body style(s)	3 and 5-door hatchback
Platform	Volkswagen Group A0 (PQ25)
Engine(s)	1.2L I3 1.4L I4 1.6L I4 1.4 I4 TSi 1.4L I3 TDI 1.9L I4 TDI
Related	Škoda Fabia Volkswagen Polo Mk V Audi A1
Designer	Luc Donckerwolke

The fourth generation of the Ibiza (Typ 6J), styled by Luc Donckerwolke, was previewed at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show in the form of the Bocanegra concept car. The new model is now on sale in 5 door format.. Three door variants are marketed as the Ibiza SportCoupé or Ibiza SC. Ibiza Eco-motive, FR and Cupra models are also expected.

The new Ibiza Cupra model is powered by a 180 bhp twin-charger (Turbo and Supercharger) 1.4 TSI petrol engine and has a 7-speed DSG gearbox.